Type Systems

Bespoke: A Programming Language for People Who Say Please

Bespoke is a statically typed programming language proposal in which every interaction with the compiler, runtime, and host environment must be phrased as a formal, polite request using British Victorian etiquette. The post specifies the type system, mutation model, control flow, concurrency primitives, and error handling — all reimagined in ceremonial prose.

Blog post · Programming Languages · Language Design · Humor · Compilers

Tagged Union Subsets with Comptime in ZigOriginal article link with an AI-written directory summary

A real Ghostty example illustrates how Zig's compile-time facilities can generate a subset of a tagged union. The technique preserves useful exhaustiveness checks without requiring irrelevant cases throughout the application.

Tutorial · Zig · Type Systems

Sorbet: Stripe’s type checker for RubyOriginal article link with an AI-written directory summary

Jake Zimmerman explains why Stripe built Sorbet as its Ruby codebase grew. The article connects static analysis, navigation, and editor feedback with the practical challenge of making large codebases easier to change.

Case study · Ruby · Type Systems

Union vs sum types

A clear comparison of union types and sum types: how they overlap, where their subtle differences change API design and safety, and when each model fits better in modern languages.

Essay · Programming · Type Systems · Software · Engineering